Everything about Trucial States totally explained
The
United Arab Emirates (
UAE) (
Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة, ) is a
Middle Eastern
federation of seven states situated in the southeast of the
Arabian Peninsula in
Southwest Asia on the
Persian Gulf, bordering
Oman and
Saudi Arabia. The seven states, termed
emirates, are
Abu Dhabi,
Ajman,
Dubai,
Fujairah,
Ras al-Khaimah,
Sharjah, and
Umm al-Quwain.
The UAE, rich in
oil and
natural gas, has become highly prosperous after gaining
foreign direct investment funding in the 1970s. The country has a relatively high
Human Development Index for the
Asian continent and ranked 39th globally.
Before 1971, the UAE were known as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman, in reference to a nineteenth-century truce between
Britain and several Arab
Sheikhs. The name Pirate Coast has also been used in reference to the area's emirates in the 18th to early 20th century.
History
The United Arab Emirates was formed from tribally organized Arabian Peninsula sheikhdoms along the southern coast of the
Persian Gulf and the northwestern coast of the
Gulf of Oman. The area became
Islamic in the 7th century.
Later, portions of the nation came under the direct influence of the
Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. Thereafter the region was known as the Pirate Coast, as raiders based there harassed the shipping industry despite both
European and
Arab navies patrolling the area from the 17th century into the 19th century. British expeditions to protect the
Indian trade from raiders at
Ras al-Khaimah led to campaigns against that headquarters and other harbors along the coast in 1819. The next year, a peace treaty was signed to which all the
sheikhs of the coast adhered. Raids continued intermittently until 1835, when the sheikhs agreed not to engage in hostilities at sea. In 1853, they signed a treaty with the
United Kingdom, under which the sheikhs (the "Trucial Sheikhdoms") agreed to a "perpetual maritime truce." It was enforced by the United Kingdom, and disputes among sheikhs were referred to the British for settlement.
Primarily in reaction to the ambitions of other European countries, the United Kingdom and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty, similar to treaties entered into by the UK with other
Persian Gulf principalities. The sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the United Kingdom and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the United Kingdom without its consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack.
In 1955, the United Kingdom sided with
Abu Dhabi in the latter's dispute with
Oman over the
Buraimi Oasis and other territory to the south. A 1974 agreement between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia would have settled the Abu Dhabi-Saudi border dispute; however, the agreement has yet to be ratified by the UAE Government and isn't recognized by the Saudi Government. The border with
Oman also remains officially unsettled, but the two governments agreed to delineate the border in May 1999.
In the early 1960s Dubai was ahead of all the other states even though oil wasn't yet discovered in its territories. Abu Dhabi was behind until His Highness Shaikh
Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan became ruler of Abu Dhabi in 1967, and instated Dr.
Mana Alotaiba as Minister of Petroleum, who used his extensive knowledge about economics to build up the petroleum industry. Dr.
Mana Alotaiba was also elected as president of OPEC a record of six times.
The British had earlier started a development office that helped in some small developments in the Emirates. The sheikhs of the Emirates decided then to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office. They formed the Trucial States Council, and appointed
Adi Bitar, Sheikh
Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum's Legal Advisor, as Secretary General and Legal Advisor to the Council. The Council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed.
In 1968, the UK announced its decision, reaffirmed in March 1971, to end the treaty relationships with the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms which had been, together with
Bahrain and
Qatar, under British protection. The nine attempted to form a union of Arab Emirates, but by mid-1971 they were unable to agree on terms of union, even though the termination date of the British treaty relationship was the end of 1971.
Bahrain became independent in August and Qatar in September 1971. When the British-Trucial Shaikhdoms treaty expired on December 1, 1971, they became fully independent.
The rulers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai decided to form a union between their two Emirates independently, prepare a constitution, then call the Rulers of the other five emirates to a meeting and offer them to join. It was also agreed between both of them that
Adi Bitar write the constitution and have it ready by
2 December 1971.
On
December 2,
1971, at the Dubai Guesthouse Palace four other Emirates agreed to join and enter into a union of six Emirates called the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah joined later, in early 1972.
The UAE sent forces into
Kuwait during the 1990–91
Gulf War.
On
November 2, 2004, the UAE's first president,
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, died. His eldest son,
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, succeeded him as ruler of
Abu Dhabi. In accordance with the Constitution, the UAE's Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa as president.
Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan succeeded Khalifa as Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi.
Administrative divisions
The United Arab Emirates is a
federation which consists of seven
emirates. The largest emirate is Abu Dhabi which contains the nation's capital city
Abu Dhabi. Five emirates have one or more
exclaves, in addition to the main territory. The seven emirates:
There are two areas under joint control. One is jointly controlled by
Oman and Ajman, the other by Fujairah and Sharjah.
There is an
Omani
enclave surrounded by UAE territory, known as
Wadi Madha. It is located halfway between the
Musandam peninsula and the rest of Oman, on the
Dubai-
Hatta road in the Emirate of
Sharjah. It covers approximately 75 square kilometres (29
sq mi) and the boundary was settled in 1589. The north-east corner of Madha is closest to the
Khor Fakkan-
Fujairah road, barely 10 metres (33 ft) away. Within the enclave is a UAE
exclave called
Nahwa, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. It is about 8 kilometres (5
mi) on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha. It consists of about forty houses with its own clinic and telephone exchange.
Politics
The Presidency and Premiership of the United Arab Emirates is
de facto hereditary to the Al Nahyan clan of Abu Dhabi and the Al Maktoum clan of Dubai. The Supreme Council, consisting of the rulers of the seven emirates, also elects the Council of Ministers, while an appointed forty-member Federal National Council, drawn from all the emirates, reviews proposed laws. There is a federal court system; all emirates except Dubai and Ras al-Khaimah have joined the federal system; all emirates have both secular and Islamic law for civil, criminal, and high courts. Sheikh
Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the union's president from the nation's founding until his death on
2 November 2004. The Federal Supreme Council elected his son,
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, president the next day. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan is the heir apparent.
Demographics
The UAE population has an unnatural sex distribution consisting of more than twice the number of males than females. The 15-65 age group has a male(s)/female
sex ratio of 2.743. UAE's
gender imbalance is the highest among any nation in the world followed by Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and Saudi Arabia - all of which together comprise the Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC). The GCC states are also what most South and Southeast Asians refer to as the
Gulf especially in context of
emigration.
UAE has one of the most diverse populations in the
Middle East. 19 % of the population is Emirati, and 23 % is other Arabs and Iranians . An estimated 85 percent of the population is comprised of non-citizens, one of the world's highest percentages of foreign-born in any nation. In addition, since the mid-1980s, people from all across
South Asia have settled in the UAE. The high living standards and economic opportunities in the UAE are better than almost anywhere else in the Middle East and South Asia. This makes the nation an attractive destination for
Indians,
Filipinos,
Pakistanis, and
Bangladeshis along with a few thousand
Sri Lankans. In 2006, there were approximately 2.15 million
Indian nationals,
Philippines Nationals—
OFW,
Bangladeshi nationals, and
Pakistani nationals in the UAE, making them the largest expatriate community in the oil-rich nation. Persons from over twenty Arab nationalities, including thousands of
Palestinians who came as either political refugees or migrant workers, also live in the UAE. There is also a sizable population of
Somali nationals who have arrived in the early 80's and 90's as a result of the
Somali civil war.
There are also residents from other parts of the
Middle East,
Baluchistan region of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan,
Africa,
Europe,
Post-Soviet states, and
North America. The UAE has attracted a small number of very affluent
expatriates (Americans, British, Canadians, Japanese, Chinese and Australians) from developed countries who are attracted to a very warm climate, scenic views (beaches, golf courses, man-made islands and lucrative housing tracts in Abu Dhabi and Dubai), the nation's comparably low cost of living (but in 2006, thousands of real estate properties are valued over millions of dollars) and tax-free incentives for their business or residency in the UAE. They make up under 5 percent of the UAE population; mainly English-speaking. Expatriates adhere to the law and customs of the UAE, their adopted country.
The most populated city is
Dubai, with approximately 1.6 million people. Other major cities include
Abu Dhabi,
Al Ain,
Sharjah, and
Fujairah. About 88% of the population of the United Arab Emirates is urban. The remaining inhabitants live in tiny towns scattered throughout the country or in one of the many desert oilfield camps in the nation.
Culture and religion
Rooted in
Islamic culture, the UAE has strong ties with the rest of the
Arab and
Islamic world. The government is committed to preserving traditional forms of art and culture, primarily through the Abu Dhabi Cultural Foundation. The first known
manuscript produced in the UAE was
Al jawaher wal la'li, a text which discusses the emirates of the nation.
Nearly all citizens are Muslims, approximately 85 percent of whom are
Sunni and the remaining 15 percent are
Shi'a. According to official ministry documents, 76 percent of the total population is
Muslim, 9% is
Christian, and 15 percent is other. Other unnofficial sources claim that 15 percent is
Hindu, 5 percent is
Buddhist, and the remaining 5 percent is other (mainly including
Parsi,
Bahá'í, and
Sikh.
Dubai is the only emirate of the UAE with both a
Hindu Temple and a
Sikh Gurdwara. Christian church buildings are also present in the country. There are a variety of Asian-influenced schools, restaurants and cultural centers.
Economy
The United Arab Emirates has a highly industrialized economy that makes the country one of the most developed in the world, based on various socioeconomic indicators such as
GDP per capita, energy consumption per capita, and the
Human Development Index.
The
GDP per capita is currently the 5th in the world and 3rd in the
Middle East after
Qatar and
Kuwait as measured by the
CIA World Factbook, or the 17th in the world as measured by the
International Monetary Fund; while at $168 billion in 2006, with a small population of 4 million, the
GDP of the UAE ranks second in the
CCASG (after
Saudi Arabia), third in the Middle East — North Africa (
MENA) region (after Saudi Arabia and
Iran), and 38th in the world (ahead of
Malaysia).
There are various deviating estimates regarding the actual growth rate of the nation’s GDP. However, all available statistics indicate that the UAE currently has one of the fastest growing economies in the world. According to a recent report by the Ministry of Finance and Industry, real GDP rose by 35 percent in 2006 to $175 billion, compared with $130 billion in 2005. These figures would suggest that the UAE had the fastest growing
real GDP in the world, between 2005 and 2006.
Although the United Arab Emirates is becoming less dependent on natural resources as a source of revenue,
petroleum and
natural gas exports still play an important role in the economy, especially in
Abu Dhabi. A massive construction boom, an expanding manufacturing base, and a thriving services sector are helping the UAE diversify its economy. Nationwide, there's currently $350 billion worth of active
construction projects. Such projects include the
Burj Dubai, which is slated to become the world's tallest building,
Dubai World Central International Airport which, when completed, will be the most expensive
airport ever built, and the three
Palm Islands, the largest artificial islands in the world. Other projects include the
Dubai Mall which will become the world's largest shopping mall when completed, and a man-made archipelago called
The World which seeks to increase Dubai's rapidly growing tourism industry. Also in the entertainment sector is the construction of
Dubailand, which is expected to be twice the size of
Disney World, and of
Dubai Sports City which won't only provide homes for local sports teams but may be part of future Olympic bids.
The currency of the United Arab Emirates is the Emirati Dirham, exchanging at a rate of about 3.67 per US dollar.
Education
The education system up to the secondary level is monitored by the Ministry of Education. It consists of primary schools, middle schools and secondary schools. The public schools are government-funded and the curriculum is created to match the United Arab Emirates development's goals and values. The medium of instruction in the public school is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language. There are also many private schools which are internationally accredited. Public schools in the country are free for citizens of the UAE, while the fees for private schools vary.
The higher education system is monitored by the Ministry of Higher Education to serve and protect children education. The Ministry also is responsible for admitting students to its
undergraduate institutions, including the five largest centers of higher education:
United Arab Emirates University,
Zayed University,
Gulf Medical College,
University of Sharjah and
Higher Colleges of Technology. There are also many other private universities and colleges in the country, including the
American University of Sharjah, Institute of Management Technology Dubai,
S.P Jain Center of Management in Dubai,
Al Ain University of Science and Technology, the
American University of Dubai,
Abu Dhabi University and Ras Al Khamiah University for medical and health sciences. Finally, other universities based in foreign countries have established campuses in the United Arab Emirates. For instance, there's a Paris-Sorbonne campus in Abu Dhabi.
The UAE has shown a strong recent interest in improving education and research. Recent enterprises include the establishment of the CERT Research Centers and the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology.
Human rights
Although the UAE government has made some advances in the protection of
human rights, the U.S. Department of State notes in its annual report on human rights practices that numerous fundamentalist practices and policies exist to the contrary.
Guest workers are brought in from South Asia, and a common objection is that they're grossly underpaid as their passports are held by their employers. There have been many reports of unskilled workers getting underpaid, and complaints of segregation abound.
The Islamic religion states that sodomy is a sin. Because of the strong and popular belief of Islam in the UAE, gay/lesbian sex is against the law and punishable by imprisonment or death.
The UAE also doesn't allow individuals past retirement age to stay within the country without a job. Upon retirement, residents must return to their country of origin.
Discrimination in the workplace is common, prospective employers will specify religion, nationality (and even regional origin in some cases) and also specify the sex of required candidates within job advertisements. It is very common to have different pay scales depending on nationality and sex. There are discrimination policies in place also that require certain roles to be filled by UAE nationals.
Transportation
Dubai has a public transport system called the
Roads and Transport Authority (RTA). This authority is responsible for the bus network currently in operation. Recently, the RTA purchased 300 buses from Germany's MAN AG in an effort to reduce the city's growing traffic problem. RTA is also developing the
Dubai Metro system. The first line (Red Line) is expected to complete by September 2009. The yellow lines, currently in development will go through the man-made
Palm Islands.
Lately, Emirate of Dubai has created new electronic toll collection system in July 2007, which emphasizes the system’s congestion management objectives as well as the choice of technology for the toll system. The new system, which is called
Salik (meaning clear and smooth in Arabic) utilizes the latest technology to achieve free flow operation with no toll booths, no toll collectors, and no impact to traffic flow, allowing vehicles to move freely through the toll point at highway speeds.
Each time one passes through a Salik toll point, the toll of AED 4 (1.09 USD) will be deducted from his or her prepaid toll account using advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. The new system was introduced and executed by Roads and Transport Authority of Dubai.
Airline history
The
national airline of Abu Dhabi was formerly
Gulf Air, operated jointly with
Bahrain and
Oman. On
September 13,
2005, Abu Dhabi announced that it was withdrawing from Gulf Air to concentrate on
Etihad Airways, designated as the new national carrier of the UAE, established in November 2003.
In 1985,
Dubai established its airline
Emirates, which, as of 2007, is one of the fastest growing airlines in the world.
Air Arabia, a leading discount airline in the Gulf region, is based in the Emirate of Sharjah.
Technology, media and telecommunications
Media
Media is one of the first industries that the emirate of Dubai has sought to develop through a number of micro-cities.
Dubai Media City has helped to make Dubai the media hub for the region, encompassing both the creation of media, from print through television and new media, and the advertising and marketing industry.
A number of international news organizations, including Reuters, Associated Press, Agence France Press, Bloomberg, Dow Jones Newswires, CNN and the BBC, all have a presence in Dubai Media City, and enjoy complete freedom to report on local and regional events.
The leading English-language newspapers based in the UAE are:
Gulf News, the highest circulating broadsheet
7DAYS, the highest circulating tabloid
Khaleej Times, the second-highest circulating broadsheet
Emirates Business 24|7, the UAE's first and only business newspaper
Xpress, a tabloid published every Thursday, by Gulf News
From late 2007, the international editions of The Times of London and its sister paper The Sunday Times will be printed in Dubai for local distribution.
Internet
Internet access is strictly filtered over the local proxy server of the telecommunication company Etisalat (External Link). Officials have never released a clear statement concerning the reason for VoIP being blocked. The only statement released was that the UAE has no regulation for VoIP and only the local telecommunication companies are allowed to use this technology.
The relative cost of broadband services in the U.A.E compared to Europe is very high, for example a 2 Mbit/s connection would cost AED349 (95 USD) per month from either Etisalat or Du, compared to approximately AED70 (19 USD) per month for up to 8 Mbit/s in Europe.
Sports
New sports are becoming popular alongside traditional camel racing. Examples of these new sports include golf, with two European Tour events in the country (the Dubai Desert Classic and the Abu Dhabi Golf Championship) and the world's richest horse race, the Dubai World Cup, held annually in March.
Aside from the international circuit events, the UAE has a healthy indigenous sporting environment with the local community participating in a wide variety of clubs and establishments. The seven emirates regularly compete in national leagues and cups in a multiplicity of sports that are controlled by specialized governing bodies.
The country itself is a prime location for sporting events. The high quality sporting venues (both indoor and outdoor), in addition to the climate, ensure the continuation of activities throughout the winter season. Construction of Dubai Sports City is underway to take advantage of these benefits, and to establish the country as a hub for sports throughout the world.
Football (soccer)
The UAE has a huge interest in football. The United Arab Emirates Football Association was first established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organising youth programmes and improving the abilities of not only its players, but of the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams. The U.A.E. football team qualified for the World Cup in 1990 - with Egypt it was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying after Kuwait and Algeria in 1982 and Iraq and Algeria again in 1986.
The UAE National Team won the 2005 Kirin Cup, sharing the cup with Peru after a 1-0 victory over host country Japan.
The UAE team played a four-team friendly in Switzerland in July 2005, in which they beat both Qatar and Kuwait but lost 5–4 on penalties in the final against Egypt.
In 2003 the UAE was the host nation of the FIFA U-20 World Cup between November and December 2003.
In April, Dubai Holding agreed to provide the national team with Dh20 million
(US$5.45 million) sponsorship money over the next four years. The fund will also go towards developing the sport.
The UAE also recently won the Gulf Cup soccer championship held in Abu Dhabi January 2007.
The UAE are currently ranked ninety-seventh in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings.
Tennis
The Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships (part of the ATP International Series Gold at the Aviation Club, Dubai) was bigger than ever in 2000 with no less than six of the top-seeded women’s players taking centre court, a first time appearance by tennis’ golden boy, Andre Agassi, and the return of the celebrated Roger Federer, who was seeking his third title crown, resulting in some dramatic court action. In an unprecedented move, Dubai Duty Free, organisers of the championship, decided to switch the men’s tournament to the first week of the competition so that it ran from 21 to 27 February and the women’s was played from 28 February
to 5 March.
Cricket
Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the UAE. Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Sharjah has hosted 5 international Test matches so far. Sheikh Zayed Stadium and Al Jazira Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi also hosts international cricket. Dubai also has two cricket stadiums (Dubai Cricket Ground No.1 and No.2) with a third, 'S3' currently under construction as part of Dubai Sports City. Dubai is also home to the International Cricket Council. (External Link)
The United Arab Emirates national cricket team qualified for the 1996 Cricket World Cup and narrowly missed out on qualification for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.
Camel racing
The inhabitants of the Gulf states have enjoyed camel racing for many years as it's considered a traditional sport. Formalizing camel racing was one way of maintaining its central role in UAE life. In the past, UAE had a reputation for exploiting South Asian children as jockeys. However, Robot jockeys are now used after strict government regulations were passed prohibiting underage jockeys from racing.
The UAE now has no fewer than 15 race tracks across the seven emirates. Nad Al Sheba Racecourse, 10 kilometers outside of Dubai, Al Wathba, 30 kilometers south-east of Abu Dhabi, and Al Ain track, which is 20 kilometers west of Al Ain, are all large, well-equipped camel tracks with high-tech facilities. Two smaller tracks are located in Sharjah, one in Ra’s al-Khaimah and one in Umm al-Qaiwain. Others are spread throughout the desert areas.
F1
In February 2007 it was announced that Bernie Ecclestone had signed a seven year deal with Abu Dhabi, to host a Formula 1 race there from the 2009 season. The 5.6 km circuit is to be set on Yas Island and it'll include street and marina sections similar to Monaco's course.
Rugby Sevens
U.A.E. hosts Dubai Sevens round of the IRB Sevens World Series at Dubai Exiles Rugby Ground.
Falconry
The U.A.E. is well-known for its falconry as it's also considered a traditional sport. Many of UAE's rulers were enthuastists in falconry as the nation imports falcons from all across the globe.
Holidays
Further Information
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